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Rule following as choice: The role of reinforcement rate and rule accuracy on rule‐following behavior
Ano: 2025
Abstract Rules can control the listener's behavior, yet few studies have examined variables that quantitatively determine the extent of this control relative to other rules and contingencies. To explore these variables, we employed a novel procedure that required a choice between rules. Participants clicked two buttons on a computer screen to earn points exchangeable for money. During training, participants were exposed to rules from two simulated individuals. Rule compliance was measured using free‐operant choice periods. In the test phase, both simulated individuals appeared simultaneously, providing different rules, followed by a free‐operant period of extinction to assess participants' preferences. Experiment 1 varied the reinforcement rate associated with each rule provider, showing that participants systematically preferred the rule provider with the highest reinforcement rate. In the control condition without rules, participants' preferences tended toward indifference. Experiment 2 varied rule accuracy. This time, participants' preferences favored the icon correlated with accurate rules. However, preferences were not exclusive to the alternatives instructed by this rule provider and tended to match the reinforcement rate obtained for this rule provider during training. These findings suggest that rule‐following behavior is a form of choice governed by the relative distribution of reinforcement available in the listener's environment.
Schedule control with a synchronous reinforcement treadmill preparation: A replication and extension
Ano: 2025
Abstract Pinkston et al. (2024) provided 17 participants with their high‐preference music for increasing and decreasing their walking speeds on a treadmill. The results showed that high‐preference music produced schedule control of walking speed for 14 of 17 (82.35%) participants. In addition, Pinkston et al. found that 78.57% of participants whose walking showed schedule control also displayed variable responding during an extinction component. As an extension of Pinkston et al., we presented 25 participants with their high‐preference music for walking on a treadmill during a five‐component mixed schedule wherein the synchronous reinforcement components contained larger and nonoverlapping bands for contacting the synchronous reinforcer. Schedule control emerged for 18 of 25 (72%) participants. In addition, 14 (77.78%) participants whose behavior showed schedule control also displayed considerable variability in walking speed during the extinction component. Implications and future research directions for promoting health‐related behaviors are discussed.
Scholarship as an operant class: Strategies and tactics for increasing dissemination of applied behavior analysis
Ano: 2025
Abstract Dissemination of applied behavior analytic scholarship to those outside the field can produce potent reinforcers. This discussion proposes that increasing dissemination requires the application of behavior analytic principles to scholarly behavior by applied behavior analysts. Its major premise is that increasing consumption of products of applied behavior analytic scholarship by those from outside the field requires distinct strategies to (a) attract individuals from outside the field to traditional outlets for applied behavior analytic scholarship and (b) increase the frequency of applied behavior analytic scholarship appearing in outlets that do not regularly feature it. A critical element of both strategies is the judicious adoption of methods or terminology from other disciplines. However, different approaches are required to implement each strategy. Practical tactics for individual applied behavior analysts to contribute to both strategies are also discussed.
Select and reject conditional control on matching to sample and stimulus equivalence
Ano: 2025
Abstract The purpose of this study was to test Carrigan and Sidman's (1992) hypothesis that the emergence of equivalence relations from the standard matching‐to‐sample (MTS) procedure is due to the exclusive acquisition of select conditional relations during training. Four groups were compared on tests of the properties of equivalence relations (reflexivity, symmetry, and transitivity/equivalence) and on trials with novel stimuli replacing S+ or S− on these tests: standard MTS training; exclusive‐select‐relations training; exclusive‐reject‐relations training; and detached‐MTS training, which included training on both select and reject relations. Equivalence emergence occurred more frequently in the detached‐MTS group. Those in the standard‐MTS group who showed equivalence emergence had test results with novel stimuli that were more similar to those in the detached‐MTS group than to those in the exclusive‐select group. The results suggest that compliance with the criteria for equivalence relations may mask at least two different processes. The first is pseudoequivalence, which is associated with exclusive select control. The second is the authentic formation of equivalence classes, which depends on joint select and reject control. The standard‐MTS procedure seems to more frequently promote the second process.
Separate and combined effects of operant ABA renewal mitigation strategies
Ano: 2025
Abstract Due to the undesirable effects of operant renewal for behavioral interventions, recent research has advocated for the advancement of renewal mitigation strategies. One strategy includes the use of extinction cues, which are stimuli used to establish discriminative control over responding in the second context that are subsequently transferred to the initial context. A second strategy involves context fading, which refers to progressively increasing the similarity between the second context and the initial context. The current study evaluated the separate and combined effects of these techniques using a preclinical human laboratory arrangement. Participants were exposed to the extinction cue strategy, the context fading strategy, both strategies, or neither strategy during a three‐phase ABA renewal procedure using differential reinforcement of an alternative response combined with extinction. The results indicated that context fading or combining context fading with an extinction cue was effective at mitigating renewal. The use of an extinction cue alone reduced renewal relative to the control group, but this difference was not statistically significant. The results are discussed in terms of methodological and theoretical differences across strategies as well as implications for future research on renewal mitigation strategies.
Skill‐based treatment of interfering stereotypy
Ano: 2025
Abstract To address the high‐rate, interfering stereotypy of three autistic students, a chained schedule for treating stereotypy was combined with skill‐based treatment for challenging behavior. Treatment consisted of progressively widening contingencies to differentially reinforce functional communication, toleration, and accurate task completion with escape from instruction to engage in stereotypy. Stimuli were correlated with periods during which instructions were presented and motor stereotypy was redirected (S‐) and periods during which escape was provided and motor stereotypy was not redirected (S+). Skills were maintained via intermittent, unpredictable reinforcement schedules. Functional communication and tolerance responses were acquired, discriminative control over both motor stereotypy and vocal stereotypy was established, and task accuracy increased to >80% for all participants. The goals, procedures, and outcomes of the intervention were also socially validated by the participants' teachers.
Social validity of digital social incentives in the treatment of substance use disorders
Ano: 2025
Abstract Substance use disorders (SUDs) affect millions and have substantial negative consequences for individuals and society. Social incentives that leverage social networks for reinforcement or feedback have been used to improve health behaviors such as physical activity. This study investigated the feasibility, acceptability, and usability of a novel digital social incentive system embedded into a web‐ and smartphone‐based platform for SUD recovery. The system leveraged a preexisting care team to deliver social incentives following notifications on recovery‐related goal completion and abstinence to members undergoing SUD treatment. In total, 243 notifications were sent to care‐team members, resulting in 117 social incentives, nearly all of which (99.15%) were coded as positive. Treatment members and care‐team members provided favorable endorsements on acceptability and usability measures. Some areas of improvement were identified, such as increasing personalization and transparency. This digital social incentive system was feasible, acceptable, and usable as an adjunct treatment component for SUD recovery.
Some effects of immediacy on healthy food selection
Ano: 2025
Abstract Children on the autism spectrum tend to consume fewer healthy foods than typically developing children. Given the negative effects of unhealthy eating, it is important to increase healthy food selection. The current study examined whether manipulating the delay to reinforcement would increase healthy food selection in a concurrent‐operants assessment. During the concurrent‐operants assessment, participants chose between a snack and a fruit and the researchers systematically added a delay to the snack to switch the allocation of responding from the snack to the fruit. The results showed that one participant's response allocation switched from the snack to the fruit at a delay of 30 s and two participants' response allocation switched at the 60‐s delay. This suggests that manipulating the delay to reinforcement may increase healthy food selection for some children on the autism spectrum.
Sources of Stimulus Control in Tests for Emergent Stimulus Relations
Ano: 2025
Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of interfering with verbal and visual mediation in groups that received different training sequences in the intraverbal naming task. Experiment 1 examined the effects of disrupting verbal mediation during the image‐matching test. Participants were assigned to one of four groups. Two groups received tact instruction prior to intraverbal instruction (TI groups) and the other two received the opposite training sequence (IT groups). One TI and one IT group were instructed to engage in a task intended to disrupt verbal mediation during test. The disruption task did not differentially affect the groups based on instruction sequence. Experiment 2 examined the effects of disrupting visual imagery during intraverbal training. Participants were assigned to one of four groups, two TI and two IT. One TI and one IT group were instructed to engage in a task intended to disrupt visualization during intraverbal training. This disruption task differentially affected response speed during test for the IT group. Results indicate that verbal behavior at test may contribute to correct responding yet also point to the availability of an additional source of stimulus control when names are acquired prior to intraverbal training.
Spatially extended instrumental responses are organized in functional bouts
Ano: 2025
Abstract Instrumental behavior is typically organized into bouts, with distinct behavioral processes seemingly governing within‐bout response rate, bout‐initiation rate, and bout length. This organization, however, may instead arise simply from the spatial proximity of the organism to the operandum at the end of each response. Two experiments used rats to test the organization of spatially extended instrumental responses into bouts and the sensitivity of bout parameters to critical manipulations. In Experiment 1, rats consecutively pressed two levers located on either side of an operant chamber, reinforced on a tandem variable‐time (VT) 150‐s fixed‐ratio (FR) 1 schedule (Phase 1). The FR requirement was then increased (Phase 2) before food restriction was reduced (Phase 3). In Experiment 2, reinforcement was contingent on pressing a single lever or alternating between two levers in alternating multiple‐schedule components. Lever pressing was then extinguished in both components. Regardless of topography, responses were organized in bouts (Experiments 1 and 2). Higher FR requirements increased bout length (Experiment 1), and the response‐alternation requirement reduced within‐bout response rate (Experiment 2). Both manipulations, along with reduced deprivation and extinction, reduced bout‐initiation rates. These results rule out the possibility that bouts of responses emerge from the spatial proximity of terminating and initiating operants.