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Synchronous reinforcement arranged as a group contingency increases rule following in elementary classes
Ano: 2025
Abstract Synchronous schedules of reinforcement align the onset and offset of the response with the onset and offset of the reinforcer. In this study, we used a multiple‐baseline‐across‐classes and reversal design to determine the effects of a synchronous reinforcement schedule, arranged as an interdependent group contingency, on time spent following rules and disruptive classroom behavior during independent work periods in three elementary classes: two first‐grade classes and one fourth‐grade class. Additionally, we compared the effects of a synchronous reinforcement schedule with those of a continuous noncontingent schedule in the fourth‐grade class. The synchronous schedule increased students' time spent following rules and decreased disruptive classroom behavior across all classes. Furthermore, noncontingent delivery of those stimuli did not produce changes in behavior relative to baseline. Students in the two first‐grade classes reported preferring the synchronous reinforcement condition to baseline. Students in the fourth‐grade class reported preferring the noncontingent access condition.
Synchronous reinforcement schedules promote tolerance of health‐related routines for adults with disabilities
Ano: 2025
Abstract Failure to engage in or tolerate health‐related routines is a major barrier to good health for individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD). In the current study, we evaluated the effects of a synchronous schedule of reinforcement (SSR) for five adults with IDD across eight health‐related routines (e.g., toothbrushing, handwashing, tolerating wearing health‐related devices). The results showed that SSR alone effectively increased tolerance for five of eight health‐related routines. Additional modifications were necessary for two other routines, and no effects were observed for one participant. We successfully trained direct‐care staff to implement the effective treatment. Social validity outcomes showed higher levels of positive affect and lower levels of negative affect during treatment relative to baseline for all participants as well as staff acceptance of the procedures and training. The current study adds to the literature supporting SSR as an alternative to graduated exposure; however, further research on the efficacy of SSR alone is needed.
Teaching undergraduates to solve equivalence problems by using cover, copy, and compare: A translational study
Ano: 2025
Abstract Cover, copy, and compare (CCC) is a study strategy in which students cover their notes, attempt to copy them, and then compare for accuracy. We evaluated whether CCC could be used to establish equivalence classes with undergraduate students. A video training package and experimenter feedback were used to teach participants to engage in CCC with notes in the form of a graphic organizer. During the CCC condition, participants constructed graphic organizers depicting the relations among three equivalence classes, each consisting of three familiar stimuli. After completing CCC, five of the seven participants scored over 90% on their first matching‐to‐sample posttest. We evaluated the use of the strategy with three 5‐member classes of abstract stimuli. All participants used CCC when studying the relations and scored over 90% on the first posttest, and three participants constructed graphic organizers during the posttest. The social validity data indicated that participants found the intervention highly acceptable.
Temporal distribution of schedule‐induced behavior depends on the essential value of the reinforcer
Ano: 2025
Abstract The development of schedule‐induced drinking depends on different variables affecting the food delivered at the end of the interfood interval. There are mixed results concerning the effects of varying magnitude and/or preference of different reinforcers in the development of schedule‐induced drinking, with some studies showing higher levels and other studies showing lower levels of drinking. The purpose of this study was to observe how differences in preference for a flavor of equally nutritious food pellets influence the development and maintenance of schedule‐induced drinking. Using the operant demand framework, four flavors of food pellets were compared to form two groups: one in which subjects would receive their most preferred flavor and another in which subjects would receive their least preferred flavor. In general, licking rates were lower and magazine‐entering rates were higher when the preferred flavor was delivered regardless of the fixed‐time schedule used. It is suggested that the value of the reinforcer has a larger influence on the immediately preceding behaviors, which will determine the distribution of competing responses in the interreinforcement intervals. These results are relevant to developing public policies that manipulate the taste of healthy food to increase its consumption.
Testing behavioral flexibility in pigeons using conditional midsession reversal tasks
Ano: 2025
Abstract Midsession reversal examines behavioral flexibility by requiring animals to reverse a discrimination midway within a session. This reversal behavior is controlled by changing temporal factors over the session. We tested behavioral flexibility in pigeons by reversing the contingencies within a session from a visual matching‐to‐sample (MTS) task to a non‐matching‐to‐sample (NMTS) task. To examine how visual context influenced the reversal, the stimuli were assigned according to two different mapping conditions. In the bounded mapping condition, different stimuli exclusively appeared in either the MTS or NMTS for half of the session, and in the unbounded condition, the stimuli appeared across both the MTS and NMTS halves of a session. In the unbounded condition, pigeons showed a modest switching function, from matching to non‐matching, at the reversal boundary. In contrast, in the bounded condition, the pigeons learned the contingences faster and to a higher accuracy and exhibited a more precise switching function at the reversal. The latter outcome suggests there was little or no temporal interference, as the different visual contexts allowed the MTS and NMTS tasks to be segregated within a session. These contrasting results show that reversal interference in the midsession reversal task is influenced by context and temporal factors, with corresponding implications for behavioral flexibility.
Testing the evolutionary theory of behavior dynamics' predictions about choice under concurrent random‐ratio schedules
Ano: 2025
Abstract The evolutionary theory of behavior dynamics (ETBD) has predicted that under concurrent random‐ratio (RR) schedules, preference for the denser schedule becomes more extreme with (a) larger differences between the concurrent ratio requirements and (b) smaller absolute values of the ratio requirement for the denser alternative. In this study, we tested ETBD's predictions by evaluating human participants' choice under various concurrent RR schedules. Sixty‐three undergraduate students participated and were presented with two concurrently available response options on a touchscreen monitor. The difference between the concurrently available ratio requirements was manipulated across conditions, and the absolute value of the ratio requirement for the denser alternative was manipulated across groups. As predicted by the ETBD, participants' preference for the denser alternative increased as the difference between the concurrent ratio requirements increased and groups with smaller absolute ratio requirements tended to display more extreme preference. However, a high level of heterogeneity was observed across human participants within each group that was not evident in the behavior of artificial organisms animated by the ETBD. Our findings demonstrate the importance of focusing on individual behavior and suggest directions for future research investigating choice under concurrent ratio schedules and evaluating the ETBD.
The editorial boards of behavior‐analytic journals: An analysis of geographic distribution and presumed gender
Ano: 2025
Abstract The geographic distribution and gender of authors who have published in behavior‐analytic journals have been analyzed at different points. Yet little is known about the geographic and gender diversity of editorial board members who have served on prominent behavior‐analytic journals. We analyzed the regional and gender distribution of editorial board members—editors in chief, associate editors, and members of editorial boards—serving at the Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior , Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis , and Perspectives on Behavior Science from 2000 to 2023. Our analysis showed that (a) the journals have been led primarily by editors with U.S. affiliations, (b) women have been underrepresented at the editor‐in‐chief and associate‐editor levels, and (c) the gender gap has steadily decreased among editorial board members in recent years. We discuss the importance of diversity in the editorial leadership of academic journals and offer suggestions for expediting change.
The effect of magnitude on the displacement of leisure items by edible items
Ano: 2025
Abstract Previous research has demonstrated the displacement of leisure items by edible items in the context of preference assessments. Recent research has further evaluated this phenomenon by manipulating the magnitude of access to leisure items and evaluating the effect on preference when given the option between leisure and edible items (e.g., Clark et al., 2020). The current study replicated and extended Clark et al. (2020) by including a reversal design to evaluate the effects of differential magnitudes on participants' selection of a leisure item relative to an edible item. Increases in the duration of access to the leisure item resulted in participants choosing the leisure item over the edible item. Implications for practice and future research are discussed.
The effects of group virtual training and self‐monitoring on leading a meeting
Ano: 2025
Abstract Meetings are one of the most common work activities in which employees engage. Most meetings are considered ineffective. Survey research has revealed the characteristics necessary for a meeting to be considered effective. However, there is no experimental research on how to teach individuals to effectively lead meetings. Recent research suggests that group virtual training is often used to enhance employee skills, but its effect on employee behavior is unknown. The current two‐experiment study evaluated the effects of group virtual training and self‐monitoring on leading a meeting. Experiment 1 evaluated the effects of group virtual training in isolation and the added effects of self‐monitoring on meeting fidelity. Group virtual training alone did not produce substantial changes; self‐monitoring was necessary to produce desired improvements. Experiment 2 evaluated the combined effects of group virtual training and self‐monitoring on meeting fidelity. Participants reached mastery within three sessions following the packaged intervention.
The effects of simultaneous point gains and losses on human persistence
Ano: 2025
Abstract Four experiments assessed the effects of simultaneous point gains and losses on human responding on a moving response button. Experiments 1 and 2 examined the effects of point loss arranged in variable‐time (VT) and variable‐interval (VI) schedules on persistence. For that purpose, a multiple schedule was in force. One component had point gains only, and the other had point gains and losses. The net reinforcement rate was equated across components by arranging greater point gains in the gains‐plus‐losses component. Increases in the speed of the moving response button disrupted responding during test sessions. No differential persistence between point‐gains and point‐gains‐and‐loss conditions was observed during Experiments 1 and 2. To ensure that point losses could function as punishers, Experiments 3 and 4 compared the effects of point loss arranged in fixed‐ratio (FR) or VI schedules on response rate and persistence. The FR and VI point loss decreased the response rate during Experiment 3 but did not produce differential persistence in Experiment 4. These results suggest that point loss decreases response rate but does not weaken persistence more than gains strengthen persistence.