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Punishment and dynamic choice: Assessment of the direct‐suppression model
Ano: 2025
Abstract The effects of punishment rate on response allocation were investigated using a choice procedure where relative reinforcement rates changed rapidly within session. Predictions from a modified version of the direct‐suppression model were tested in two separate experiments. In both experiments, sessions were composed of seven unsignaled components, each programming a different reinforcement ratio. In Experiment 1, equal punishment rates were superimposed on the schedule of reinforcement for both responses and absolute punishment rates increased across blocks of sessions. Punishment increased preference for the richer schedule of reinforcement, but the degree of the preference shift was not a function of absolute punishment rates. In Experiment 2, unequal punishment rates were superimposed on the schedules of reinforcement for both responses and relative punishment rates changed across blocks of sessions. Response allocation shifted away from the richer punishment schedule creating a bias toward the option associated with less frequent punishment. The results from both experiments challenged the predictions of the direct‐suppression model. Furthermore, fits of the generalized matching law to the data indicated that superimposition of equal or unequal punishment schedules on responses maintained by unequal reinforcement schedules differentially affect the values of sensitivity and bias.
Recent research on response disequilibrium theory: A concise review
Ano: 2025
Abstract A resurgence in research on response disequilibrium theory has prompted a concise review of the literature from the past 5 years. Response disequilibrium, also known as response deprivation, attributes reinforcement and punishment effects to constraints on free‐operant baseline levels of behavior. By describing clinically relevant behaviors in terms of instrumental and contingent activities, researchers and practitioners can predict intervention outcomes with a disequilibrium model. We summarize the empirical outcomes of disequilibrium‐informed interventions across six articles and discuss areas of future research.
Reinstatement of negatively reinforced behavior with rats
Ano: 2025
Abstract Reinstatement refers to the recurrence of extinguished behavior following response‐dependent or ‐independent exposure to stimuli such as reinforcers, stressors, or reinforcer‐correlated cues. Despite broad research on this form of behavioral relapse, little is known about reinstatement of behavior previously maintained by negative reinforcement. The present study explored reinstatement of negatively reinforced behavior with rats under a timeout‐from‐avoidance procedure. First, responses to the timeout lever could produce 2‐min timeouts from a free‐operant avoidance schedule wherein shocks could be postponed by pressing an avoidance lever. Then, timeout responding was extinguished by withholding timeouts while the avoidance response continued to postpone shocks. Finally, response‐independent timeouts were delivered as the avoidance schedule remained unchanged. The results showed that extinguished timeout responding was reinstated in most subjects following the delivery of response‐independent timeouts. These findings expand the generality of the reinstatement effect reported with positive reinforcement to another functional class of behavior and provide an animal model to extend research on behavioral relapse.
Remediation of the picture‐text problem for learners exhibiting reading deficits
Ano: 2025
Abstract Early reading materials are replete with pictures. Pictures purportedly improve reading comprehension and motivation; however, the simultaneous presentation of pictures and text can also impede textual control for some readers. Attempts to remediate restricted stimulus control in picture–text compounds suggest that omitting the picture element is most effective, although these arrangements may also be less socially valid. The current study is an evaluation of a novel compound stimulus prompt (CSP) arrangement that required that the learner differentially respond to the underselected (i.e., textual) element during picture‐book reading. The development of textual control in this condition was compared with that in text‐only and picture prompt arrangements. The CSP condition required the same or fewer sessions to produce textual control as the text‐only condition for five out of six participants who exhibited reading difficulties. Participants emitted more correct responses during CSP and picture prompt instruction and preferred these conditions to the text‐only condition during a concurrent‐chains assessment.
Repeat after you: Contingent vocal imitation increases children's vocalizations and orienting responses
Ano: 2025
Abstract Previous research has shown that contingent vocal imitation has a reinforcing effect on vocalizations emitted by children. Nevertheless, the precise contingencies that have a reinforcing effect on vocalizations remain unclear. This study examined the effects of five conditions (contingent vocal imitation, contingent interaction, noncontingent vocal imitation, noncontingent physical touch, and a no‐interaction control condition) on the vocalizations emitted by three children with developmental disabilities. We evaluated the effects of these conditions using an alternating‐treatments design embedded within a multiple‐probe‐across‐participants design. Contingent vocal imitation led to greater increases in the vocalizations emitted by all three participants than by those in all the other conditions, and the size of this effect was large. We also found increases in orienting responses during the contingent imitation condition and increases in echoic responses postintervention for two of the participants. We discussed implications for practitioners who work with young children with language delays.
Research synthesis in behavior analysis I: An introductory guide to conducting systematic reviews
Ano: 2025
Abstract As a data‐driven science, the field of behavior analysis necessitates accumulating evidence for research and theory development and clinical intervention. The most comprehensive evidence will come from systematic review and meta‐analysis of a given topic. Systematic reviews comprise an established set of methods for collecting and synthesizing a body of research to identify trends, examining the strength of evidence and potential sources of bias, and identifying areas in need of further investigation. Despite their utility and widespread use in other disciplines, systematic reviews are underused in many behavior analysis domains. This technical report is part of a series on research synthesis methods in behavior analysis, with Part 1 focusing on systematic reviews and Part 2 focusing on meta‐analysis. In Part 1, we provide a step‐by‐step guide to conducting systematic reviews using current best practices and adhering to international guidelines. Examples of tables and figures commonly included in these types of reviews are also provided. We conclude by emphasizing the importance of these reviews for behavior analysis research, practice, and theory and calling for increased numbers of published systematic reviews in behavior analysis. Finally, we provide annotated references to additional in‐depth methodology resources for the interested behavior analyst.
Resurgence in a discrete‐trial procedure in rats
Ano: 2025
Abstract Resurgence is a transient recovery of a previously extinguished target response following a worsening of reinforcement conditions for an alternative response. Laboratory studies with nonhuman animals typically assess resurgence in free‐operant situations where subjects can freely emit responses. The purpose of the current study was to investigate whether resurgence would be observed in a discrete‐trial procedure where only a single response could occur in each trial, using rats as subjects. The experiment consisted of three phases, and each session ended after 200 trials. All trials began with the insertion of target and alternative levers and ended once a response was emitted. In Phase 1, both target and alternative responses were reinforced with a probability of .25. In Phase 2, the target response was extinguished while still reinforcing the alternative response with a probability of .25. Finally, resurgence was tested by placing the alternative response on extinction. All rats showed robust resurgence in this highly constrained discrete‐trial situation. We also found that the latencies of resurged target responses differed from those in Phase 1. Overall, the present discrete‐trial procedure could produce reliable resurgence as with typical free‐operant procedures and has several potential benefits for studying resurgence.
Resurgence, behavioral contrast, and stimuli correlated with the absence of reinforcement
Ano: 2025
Abstract Behavioral contrast and resurgence emerge following worsening of conditions of alternative reinforcement. In this experiment, the effects of stimuli correlated with nonreinforcement during extinction were compared with respect to their effects in generating resurgence and contrast within individual pigeons. Four pigeons were exposed to a two‐key concurrent schedule in which a target response arranged a variable‐interval (VI) 60‐s schedule and an alternative response key arranged a two‐component multiple VI 60‐s VI 60‐s schedule. In the resurgence preparation, target responding was extinguished after training before extinguishing the alternative. In the contrast preparation, both components of the multiple schedule were associated with extinction, whereas target responding was still reinforced. In both, one of the two multiple schedule stimuli was replaced by a darkened keylight. When the key associated with the alternative component was on during extinction, there was less resurgence and the magnitude of contrast was less than when the key was dark. The results replicated earlier findings of the effects of the presence or absence of stimuli on resurgence and contrast but under conditions allowing direct comparisons within individual subjects. The results both suggest a functional similarity between behavioral phenomena labeled resurgence and contrast and invite a search for other similarities.
Revaluing overselected stimuli: Effects of degree of posttraining extinction on stimulus overselectivity
Ano: 2025
Abstract When responding to a stimulus exerting overselective control over behavior is extinguished, control by underselected stimuli may emerge. We investigated how the degree of extinction influences control by underselected stimuli. Adult humans ( N = 459) chose between rapidly presented compound S+ and S− stimuli in a simultaneous discrimination. Then, participants chose between individual compound‐stimulus elements in an unreinforced testing phase. The S+ element that was chosen most often underwent revaluation, during which choice of that element was reinforced with a probability ranging from 0 ( complete extinction ) to 1 no extinction ) in different groups. In post‐revaluation retesting, choice of the overselected element was lower than in pre‐revaluation testing; this decrease was greater when the overselected element had been reinforced with a lower probability during revaluation. For the underselected element, choice decreased when the overselected element was completely extinguished and increased when the overselected element was sometimes or always reinforced. This highlights the role of the contingency change in post‐revaluation changes in stimulus control. Our findings are consistent with comparator theories of overselectivity and suggest that control by underselected stimuli may emerge after partial extinction of an overselected stimulus. Future studies should establish the generality of these findings with clinical populations displaying overselectivity.
Reward deprivation is associated with elevated alcohol demand in emerging adults
Ano: 2025
Abstract Policies vary substantially in terms of providing sources of psychosocial enrichment. Behavioral economic models of substance use and addiction emphasize that deficits in access to substance‐free sources of reward increase substance reinforcing value and risk for addiction. The current study used an alcohol demand curve approach to test the hypothesis that various indices of reward deprivation would be associated with elevated alcohol reinforcing efficacy. We examined associations between alcohol demand indices and several facets of reward deprivation in a sample of young adults ( N = 1,331; ages 19–25 years) recruited from the United States and Canada who reported recent binge drinking. Additionally, we created an index of cumulative reward deprivation that integrated the various reward facets and examined its association with alcohol demand intensity and maximum expenditure on alcohol. Our findings indicate that reward deprivation is associated with elevated alcohol demand and provide support for alcohol prevention and intervention approaches that emphasize environmental enrichment.