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Este trabalho objetivou verificar a concordância dos participantes com regras descritivas comuns na sociedade ocidental que se relacionam à violência contra a mulher a partir de questionários aplicados a 252 estudantes universitários e indivíduos não universitários de ambos os sexos. O questionário (ad hoc) continha 25 diferentes sentenças afirmativas contendo regras descritivas sobre violência contra a mulher, comuns na comunidade verbal ocidental. O mesmo deveria ser respondido em uma escala (discordo totalmente, concordo em parte e concordo totalmente). Além disso, o participante deveria indicar se conhecia alguém que concordava com a afirmativa e, caso quisesse, poderia fazer algum comentário. Para a análise dos dados foram utilizados os testes t de Student e r de Pearson . Verificou-se que os homens não universitários apresentaram maior concordância com as afirmativas apresentadas. A variável escolaridade foi estatisticamente significante para 20 afirmativas, enquanto a variável gênero foi estatisticamente significante para 17 das 25 afirmativas do questionário. Foi encontrada correlação negativa entre o nível de escolaridade e a concordância com as afirmativas do questionário. A maioria dos participantes ainda afirmou conhecer alguém que concordava com as afirmativas propostas. Os dados sugerem que o nível de escolaridade é preponderante em relação ao gênero quanto à concordância com as regras que de algum modo se relacionam à manutenção da violência contra a mulher.

Despite the attention given John B. Watson during the century since he introduced behaviorism, there remain questions about what he really contributed. He is still appropriately criticized for his arrogant self‐promotion and especially for his perceived emphasis on a simple S‐R reflexology. However, we argue that the former was necessary at the time and that criticism of Watson on the second count only diverts attention from the genuine contributions that he did make. In support of these contentions we examine several aspects of his contributions that warrant clarification, namely, his promotion of applied comparative psychology, his views on the nature of mind, his originality, criticism from and respect afforded by contemporaries, his relation to recent interest in “the embodiment of mind,” his treatment of thinking, and his appreciation of Freud's work. We organize our discussion around specific chapters of the two editions of Behaviorism , but in support of our arguments we include publications of Watson that are less well known. Those works develop some important points that are only briefly treated in both editions of Behaviorism .

En el presente trabajo se exploró la posibilidad de que un estímulo relacionado con la ausencia de una recompensa primaria adquiriera una función aversiva en una situación de elección. Se expuso a ratas a una condición de elección entre dos alternativas: (1) la entrega de agua después de transcurrido un intervalo de demora, y (2) la presentación de un ruido blanco seguido de un tiempo fuera. De este modo, el ruido blanco fue un predictor negativo de la entrega de agua. La aversividad adquirida por el ruido blanco fue evaluada examinando la preferencia de los sujetos por una alternativa SS (i.e., entrega de agua inmediata con una menor magnitud) en la que se añadía el ruido blanco. En el Experimento 1 se utilizó un diseño mixto; es decir, se comparó la ejecución de los sujetos después del tratamiento experimental con su ejecución previa al tratamiento, y también se comparó su ejecución con sujetos en grupos de control. Los sujetos del Grupo Experimental mostraron una menor preferencia por la alternativa SS después de la Fase de Tratamiento comparada con su propia ejecución durante la Línea Base y comparada con la ejecución de los sujetos de control. Sin embargo, dichas diferencias no fueron estadísticamente significativas. En el Experimento 2 se incrementó el tamaño de la muestra y se utilizó un diseño entre grupos. Nuevamente, los sujetos del Grupo Experimental mostraron una menor preferencia por la alternativa SS que los sujetos de control. Sin embargo, este efecto podría ser interpretado mediante una explicación distinta a que el ruido blanco haya adquirido propiedades aversivas.

Abstract One limitation of functional communication training (FCT) is that individuals may request reinforcement via the functional communication response (FCR) at exceedingly high rates. Multiple schedules with alternating periods of reinforcement and extinction of the FCR combined with gradually lengthening the extinction‐component interval can effectively address this limitation. However, the extent to which each of these components contributes to the effectiveness of the overall approach remains uncertain. In the current investigation, we evaluated the first component by comparing rates of the FCR and problem behavior under mixed and multiple schedules and evaluated the second component by rapidly switching from dense mixed and multiple schedules to lean multiple schedules without gradually thinning the density of reinforcement. Results indicated that multiple schedules decreased the overall rate of reinforcement for the FCR and maintained the strength of the FCR and low rates of problem behavior without gradually thinning the reinforcement schedule.

Abstract Emotional responses have specific electroencephalographic (EEG) signatures that arise within a few hundred milliseconds post‐stimulus onset. In this experiment, EEG measures were employed to assess for transfer of emotional functions across three 3‐member equivalence classes in an extension of Dougher, Auguston, Markham, Greenway, & Wulfert's (1994) seminal work on the transfer of arousal functions. Specifically, 12 human participants were trained in the following match‐to‐sample performances A1 = B1, A2 = B2, A3 = B3 and B1 = C1, B2 = C2, B3 = C3. After successfully testing for the emergence of symmetry relations (B1 = A1, B2 = A2, B3 = A3 and C1 = B1, C2 = B2, C3 = B3), visual images depicting emotionally positive and emotionally negative content were presented with A1 and A3, respectively, using a mixed stimulus pairing–compounding procedure. A2 was paired with emotionally neutral images. Next, EEG data were recorded as participants were exposed to a forced‐choice recognition task with stimuli A1, B1, C1, A2, B2, C2, A3, B3, C3 and three novel stimuli A4, B4 and C4. Results yielded differential EEG effects for stimuli paired directly with emotional versus neutral images. Critically, differential EEG effects were also recorded across the C stimuli that were equivalently related to the A stimulus set. The EEG data coincide with previous reports of emotion‐specific EEG effects, indicating that the initial emotional impact of a stimulus may emerge based on direct stimulus pairing and derived stimulus relations.

Abstract Crying has yet to be examined systematically in isolation from other problem behavior, such as aggression or tantrums, during functional analyses (Hanley, Iwata, & McCord, 2003). Identification of variables that may maintain crying is especially important for populations who are susceptible to psychiatric interventions (e.g., individuals who have intellectual disabilities and communication deficits). The current study extended functional analysis methodology to crying with an adolescent boy who had been diagnosed with intellectual disabilities. Results suggested that crying was maintained by caregiver attention delivered in a sympathetic manner.

Abstract Inadequate physical activity increases the risks related to a number of health problems in children, most notably obesity and the corresponding range of associated health problems. The purpose of the current study was to conduct a functional analysis to investigate the effects of several consequent variables on moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity (MVPA). We observed the level of MVPA exhibited by 2 preschool children in 4 conditions: alone, attention contingent on MVPA, adult interaction contingent on MVPA, and escape from task demands contingent on MVPA. These four conditions were compared to a naturalistic baseline and to a control condition. Overall, results indicated that the children were most active when attention and interactive play were contingent on MVPA. Social environments that encourage MVPA could be arranged based on this information, with these arrangements tailored to the individual child.

Abstract Functional analyses of elopement (i.e., leaving a specific area without permission) are challenging to conduct because clients must have repeated opportunities to elope from one room (or area) to another safely. These analyses often require two or more adjoining rooms and retrieval of the client following each instance of elopement (e.g., Piazza et al., 1997). These room arrangements may be impractical in some settings, and therapist delivery of attention or demands during retrieval may confound the results. To address these issues, we evaluated the viability of conducting a functional analysis (FA) of elopement within a single room. Participants were 2 children and 2 adults with developmental disabilities who eloped from rooms at their day programs. Results of the single‐room assessments were compared to those of a second FA that was conducted using methods similar to those described in previous studies. Function‐based treatments were implemented for each participant. Results suggest that the single‐room assessment may be a viable alternative for identifying the function of elopement.