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Evaluating a screening‐to‐intervention model with caregiver training for response to name among children with autism
Ano: 2025
Abstract Among the developmental milestones related to language and communication in early childhood, one that has been the subject of considerable research is response to name (RTN). Delayed or absent RTN in early childhood is a diagnostic marker for autism spectrum disorder and a target behavior in many early intervention curricula. This article describes two related studies. Study 1 evaluated the efficacy and efficiency of a behavioral screening‐to‐intervention model for RTN proposed by recent research. Overall, trials to mastery were reduced relative to previous research. Study 2 evaluated the efficacy of using behavioral skills training to teach caregivers to implement a RTN intervention with their child after that intervention was successful in a clinical setting. Generalized improvements in RTN with caregivers sometimes occurred but did not maintain without programmed reinforcement. Subsequent behavioral skills training was associated with increases in both child RTN and caregiver intervention fidelity.
Evaluating feedback frequency preference and its relation to task performance
Ano: 2025
Abstract Many researchers have evaluated how characteristics of feedback may influence trainee performance, but relatively little attention has been allocated to directly assessing trainee preference for feedback characteristics and its relation to performance. Thus, the primary purpose of this study was to use a within‐subject experimental design to directly assess trainee preference for the frequency of feedback and its relation to task performance. A secondary objective was to evaluate how trainee preferences varied across specific task components based on component complexity. Thirty‐five undergraduate students completed two arbitrary tasks and were given the opportunity to request feedback after each component of the task. For 85.71% of our participants, an inverse relation was observed between preference for feedback frequency and task performance. Participants requested feedback less often as performance improved. Feedback preferences also varied with the complexity of each component of the task. Implications for training, supervision, and feedback practices are discussed.
Evaluating interactive computerized training to teach practitioners to implement firearm safety skills training
Ano: 2025
Abstract Researchers have shown that behavioral skills training (BST) and in situ training are effective for teaching firearm safety skills to children. Within the safety skills literature, there is evidence that manualized interventions are effective for teaching parents and teachers to conduct BST. An approach that has not been evaluated for teaching safety skills is interactive computerized training (ICT). The purpose of the current study was to evaluate an ICT program with three Board Certified Behavior Analysts (BCBA) who provided services to clients with autism spectrum disorder. In the final phase, the BCBAs implemented firearm safety skills training with their clients. Overall, the BCBAs implemented the safety skills training protocol with high fidelity during post‐ICT assessments and rated the ICT program positively.
Evaluating the combined effects of renewal and response‐dependent reinstatement
Ano: 2025
Abstract Renewal is a form of treatment relapse that occurs due to a change in context but in the absence of a change in contingencies. Recent prevalence data suggest that renewal may commonly occur in clinical settings, threatening the durability of treatments for decreasing problem behavior. Unfortunately, instances of renewal may also coincide with treatment integrity errors of commission in which the treatment implementer accidentally reinforces the problem behavior. Unplanned reinforcer deliveries for the problem behavior following successful treatment may result in a different form of relapse called response‐dependent reinstatement. Little is known about the combined effects of renewal and response‐dependent reinstatement. The current study compared the effects of renewal alone with the combined effects of renewal plus response‐dependent reinstatement in two experiments. We conducted Experiment 1 in a basic laboratory with rats and Experiment 2 in a translational format with college students who engaged with a task on a touchscreen tablet device. Overall, our results suggest that relapse was worse during combined tests for renewal plus response‐dependent reinstatement relative to renewal alone. We discuss the implications of our findings with respect to the treatment of problem behavior.
Evaluating the social acceptability of the Re‐Connect concept: A smartphone‐based, nonfinancial, contingency management intervention
Ano: 2025
Abstract Contingency management is a well‐validated behavior change intervention; however, the financial incentives can prevent it from being widely adopted. Most Americans have a smartphone with applications (apps) that they find enjoyable and engage with for a considerable amount of time. A potential avenue for contingency management dissemination is a mobile smartphone application that leverages the existing reward value of smartphone apps as a tool for behavior change. The present study examined the acceptability of the Re‐Connect concept, which proposes to block nonessential but highly preferred apps and unlock them contingent on meeting the user's health goals. Out of the sample surveyed ( N = 146), 63.02% reported that they would be likely to use Re‐Connect and 67.81% would recommend it to someone. Acceptability of Re‐Connect increased with greater user control. These results suggest that access to preferred smartphone apps could be a socially acceptable incentive in a contingency management intervention.
Evolution of the substance use landscape: Implications for contingency management
Ano: 2025
Abstract Contingency management (CM), which involves the delivery of incentives upon meeting behavioral goals, has the potential to improve substance use treatment outcomes. The intervention allows for flexibility through numerous modifiable components including changes to incentive magnitude and schedule, target behavior, and intervention structure. Unfortunately, numerous changes in the substance use landscape have occurred in the past 10 to 15 years: Substances are more potent, overdose risk has increased, new substances and methods of use have been introduced, and substance classes are increasingly being intentionally and unintentionally mixed. These developments potentially undermine CM outcomes. We explored recent substance use changes due to legislative, regulatory, social, and economic factors for four substance classes: stimulants, opioids, tobacco, and cannabis. We discuss potential adjustments to the modifiable components of CM for future research in response to these changes. By continually adapting to the shifting substance use landscape, CM can maintain optimal efficacy.
Exploring the suitability of cannabis use with next‐day responsibilities: A behavioral‐economic and qualitative study
Ano: 2025
Abstract Cannabis demand is sensitive to next‐day responsibilities, such as job interviews; however, it is unclear how demand is affected by non‐work‐related responsibilities and how reported compatibility of cannabis use (i.e., how suitable one perceives cannabis use to be in a situation) influences demand. This study examined the effects of a range of responsibilities on cannabis demand in a crowdsourced sample of adults who smoked cannabis at least monthly ( n = 177; 78% White; 47% women; mean age = 36.52). Participants completed hypothetical marijuana purchase tasks asking how much cannabis they would consume at escalating prices in the context of no responsibilities and next‐day responsibilities spanning work, leisure, and caregiving. Cannabis demand was significantly reduced in all responsibility conditions ( p s < .008; d s .28–.94), with the largest reductions for the job interview and caring‐for‐kids conditions. Higher ratings of suitability of cannabis use in each situation were correlated with higher demand. Finally, a qualitative thematic analysis characterized why cannabis use was considered suitable or unsuitable with each responsibility. These results suggest that demand is sensitive to next‐day responsibilities. However, these effects are not uniform, and future research is needed to examine these individual differences and the timing of upcoming responsibilities.
Extending the Single Case Analysis and Review Framework ( SCARF ‐ UI ): A review and discussion
Ano: 2025
Abstract Single‐case experimental design has been increasingly represented in research over the past several decades. Increasing rates of publication, combined with unique features inherent in single‐case research, have complicated efforts to synthesize published literature. This work reviews technical challenges associated with single‐case research synthesis and how tools such as the Single Case Analysis and Review Framework (SCARF) can supplement these efforts while retaining critical features of visual analysis. A web‐based user interface for the SCARF (SCARF‐UI) is presented, described, and accompanied by a guide on its use and relevance to behavior analysts and other single‐case design researchers. This free and open‐source software is reviewed and presented with training materials and demonstrations of prior research reviews completed using SCARF. Additional discussion is also provided regarding avenues for increasing consistent appraisal of behavior analytic research.
Extinction in Free‐Ranging Aves in Competition with Sciurus carolinensis
Ano: 2025
Abstract Decreasing funding for nonhuman animal research decreases the opportunity for students and researchers to explore the behavior of many species in many contexts. In the long run, this will reduce variability within the experimental analysis of behavior around what species are being researched and what questions are being asked. New technologies, however, offer students and researchers the opportunity to observe the behavior of organisms in everyday environments in cost‐effective ways. In this article, a backyard birding setup is described that costs ~US$150 and allows for ongoing data collection of a local backyard bird population ( Aves ) in feeding competition with eastern gray squirrels ( Sciurus carolinensis ). In these wild populations, a reversal design demonstrated extinction, class‐specific learning rates, interclass competition, and the influence of these on a birder's behavior. This work shows one way the experimental analysis of behavior might be injected with greater variation by students and researchers being alert to and measuring the wildness in our everyday environments.
Eye movements along the establishment of functional stimuli classes
Ano: 2025
Abstract The present study analyzed the eye movement patterns of five typically developed adults who were exposed to a series of simple discrimination training tasks with reversals in the contingencies of reinforcement that led to the formation of functional stimulus classes. Two studies were planned. In Study 1, two visual stimuli were used to carry out one training phase and three consecutive reversals. In Study 2, the phases were repeated but four‐stimuli functional classes were established. In the second study, the selective observing responses to stimuli of functional classes following the reversal of the first stimulus were analyzed. The results showed shifts in the duration of observing responses as the discriminative functions of the stimuli were established and reversed. Unlike the existing literature, our study reveals that some participants maintain longer observing responses to S– than to S+. Moreover, following the reversal of the first stimulus, observing responses to all other stimuli of the same functional class change immediately and accordingly. These findings deepen our understanding of discriminative stimulus control and shed light on the role of observing responses to stimuli composing functional classes.